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Abstract
Analisis ini mengkaji peran UNAMA dalam memastikan stabilitas dan hak asasi manusia dalam konflik bersenjata di Afghanistan setelah perjanjian US-Taliban. Konflik di Afghanistan telah menjadi isu internasional yang telah berlangsung lama sejak Taliban menguasai negara tersebut pada tahun 1996. Amerika Serikat melancarkan operasi militer di Afghanistan setelah menuduh Taliban dan Osama bin Laden bertanggung jawab atas serangan 11 September. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui Peran UNAMA Dalam Menjamin Stabilitas & Hak Asasi Manusia Pada Konflik Bersenjata Afghanistan Pasca Perjanjian US-Taliban. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Hasil menunjukan bahwa Konflik yang berlarut-larut ini telah mengakibatkan banyak korban sipil dan kerusakan infrastruktur yang luas. UNAMA, yang didirikan atas permintaan pemerintah Afghanistan, berfungsi sebagai misi politik PBB di Afghanistan. Mandat utamanya adalah memfasilitasi perdamaian dan stabilitas bagi rakyat Afghanistan sembari memantau dan mempromosikan hak asasi manusia dalam konflik tersebut. Pada bulan Februari 2020, AS dan Taliban mencapai kesepakatan yang menyerukan penarikan semua pasukan AS dan pemberlakuan gencatan senjata permanen di Afghanistan dalam upaya untuk mengakhiri konflik bersenjata yang telah berlangsung selama beberapa dekade.
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References
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- Apriyana. (2011). Bab I Pendahuluanبا حض خ ِ ي. Galang Tanjung, 2504, 1–9.
- Aziz, T. N., & Wibowo, A. (2021). Implementasi Hukum Humaniter Internasional Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional Di Libya. terAs Law Review: Jurnal Hukum Humaniter dan HAM, 3(2), 77-92.
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- Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (1977). Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Little, Brown.
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- Potter, P. B. (1954). The United Nations Charter: 1955. American Journal of International Law, 48(2), 275–276. https://doi.org/10.2307/2194375
- Putranti, I. R., & Rosyidin, M. (2017). 9. Dilema Hak Asasi Manusia Di Asia Tenggara: Ketiadaan Peran Asean dalam Kasus Perekrutan Tentara Anak di Myanmar dalam Perspektif English School. Journal of International Relations Universitas Diponegoro, 3(1), 87-97.
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- Satori, D. (2010). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta
- Soselisa, D. M., Wattimena, J. A. Y., & Tahamata, L. C. O. (2023). Kedudukan Wartawan Perang Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional. PATTIMURA Law Study Review, 1(1), 83-91.
- Thomas. Clayton. 2020. “Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy: In Brief” https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45122/40
- UNAMA. “Mission Statement” https://unama.unmissions.org/mission-statement
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- Weiss, T. G., & Wilkinson, R. (2018). International Organization And Global Governance, Second Edition. International Organization And Global Governance, Second Edition, 1–807. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315301914
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References
Al Mahri, Rahma Bakhit. 2020. “Negotiation and Conflict Resolution case study: Taliban and the US Agreement”. University Sultanate of Oman. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342902776_US_and_Taliban_peace_agreement
Al Jazeera. What does the Taliban-US agreement say? | Taliban News. (2020, February 29). Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/29/what-does-the-taliban-us-agreement-say
Alkhakimi, G. R. (2024, Maret). Kebijakan Militer Amerika Serikat Dari Afghanistan Pada Masa Pemerintahan Joe Biden Tahun 2021. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/49237/18323023.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
AAN Report. (2020). Afghan Analyst Network, "The 2019 Afghan Presidential Election: Final results and parallel governments?".
Apriyana. (2011). Bab I Pendahuluanبا حض خ ِ ي. Galang Tanjung, 2504, 1–9.
Aziz, T. N., & Wibowo, A. (2021). Implementasi Hukum Humaniter Internasional Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional Di Libya. terAs Law Review: Jurnal Hukum Humaniter dan HAM, 3(2), 77-92.
Babbie, E. (2007). The Practice of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
CNN Editorial Research. 2021. “Operation Enduring Freedom Fast Facts”, https://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/28/world/operation-enduring-freedom-fast-facts/index.html
Faadhilah A, A. (2022). Analisis Hukum Resolusi Dewan Keamanan Pbb S/Res/2513 Tahun 2020 Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Pemerintahan Taliban Di Afghanistan (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Hasanuddin).
Fuadi. Ahmad. 2014. “Peran United Nations Assistance Mission In Afghanistan (Unama) Dalam Memberikan Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia Di Afghanistan Pada Tahun 2009-2012”. Jom FISIP Volume 1 No. 2. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/31753-ID-peran-united-nations-assistance-mission-in-afghanistan-unama-dalam-memberikan-pe.pdf
General Assembly Security Council. 2020. “The situation in Afghanistan and its implications for international peace and security” Report of the Secretary-General”. https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/sg_report_on_afghanistan_june_2020.pdf
Ginting, O. A., Lubis, M. Y., & Affan, I. (2021). Analisis Kebijakan Kewajiban Vaksinasi COVID-19 Oleh Pemerintah Terhadap Setiap Warga Masyarakat Dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara. Jurnal Ilmiah Metadata, 3(2), 508-524.
Grimm, L. (2021). US Leaders Remark on Peace Agreement with Taliban: February 29, 2020. In Historic Documents of 2020 (pp. 128-138). CQ Press.
Iswara. Aditya Jaya. 2020. “Perjanjian Damai AS-Taliban, Ini 4 Poin Ketahui” https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2020/03/01/095330770/perjanjian-damai-as-taliban-ini-4-poin-yang-perlu-anda-ketahui?page=all
Jabber, P. (2001). Impact of the war on terror on certain aspects of US poicy in the Middle East.
Keohane, R. O. (2005). After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton University Press.
Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (1977). Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Little, Brown.
Latar Belakang Penggunaan Private Military and Security Companies oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dalam United Nations Mission A. (n.d.). Repository-UNAIR. Retrieved May 28, 2024, from https://repository.unair.ac.id/83508/3/JURNAL_Fis.HI.31%2019%20Efe%20l.pdf
Liptak, Kevin. 2021. “Biden announces troops will leave Afghanistan by September 11: 'It's time to end America's longest war'”, https://edition.cnn.com/2021/04/14/politics/joe-biden-afghanistan-announcement/index.html
Maizland. Lindsay. 2020.“U.S.-Taliban Peace Deal: What to Know” https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-taliban-peace-deal-agreement-afghanistan-war
Maley, W. (2008). Human rights in Afghanistan. Islam and Human Rights in Practice: Perspectives across the Ummah, August 2021, 89–107. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203926758-11
Malloy. Seán. 2017. “Kant’s International Relations: The Political Theology of Perpetual Peace” https://www.e-ir.info/2018/08/31/review-kants-international-relations/
Nia, D. (2023). Keamanan Manusia Di Afghanistan Pasca Perubahan Standing Rules Of Engagement Pasukan Amerika Serikat, 2018-2021.
Ocha. (2021, January 9). Afghanistan Humanitarian Response Plan 2018-2021 (January 2021 revision) - Afghanistan. ReliefWeb. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-humanitarian-response-plan-2018-2021-january-2021-revision
Potter, P. B. (1954). The United Nations Charter: 1955. American Journal of International Law, 48(2), 275–276. https://doi.org/10.2307/2194375
Putranti, I. R., & Rosyidin, M. (2017). 9. Dilema Hak Asasi Manusia Di Asia Tenggara: Ketiadaan Peran Asean dalam Kasus Perekrutan Tentara Anak di Myanmar dalam Perspektif English School. Journal of International Relations Universitas Diponegoro, 3(1), 87-97.
Putri, L. D. R., & Khairunnisa, S. F. (2023). Alasan Pbb Memperpanjang Misi Unama Di Afghanistan. Jurnal Pena Wimaya, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.31315/jpw.v3i1.8368
Rahmaty. Masooma. 2021. “The Exclusion of Women’s Voices from Afghan Peace Talks Remains the Norm“ https://theglobalobservatory.org/2021/03/exclusion-womens-voices-afghan-peace-talks-remains-norm/
Satori, D. (2010). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta
Soselisa, D. M., Wattimena, J. A. Y., & Tahamata, L. C. O. (2023). Kedudukan Wartawan Perang Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional. PATTIMURA Law Study Review, 1(1), 83-91.
Thomas. Clayton. 2020. “Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy: In Brief” https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45122/40
UNAMA. “Mission Statement” https://unama.unmissions.org/mission-statement
United Nations. 2019. “Success of Afghanistan Peace Process Will Depend on International Support for Local Efforts, Special Representative Tells Security Council”. https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/sc13734.doc.htm
Weiss, T. G., & Wilkinson, R. (2018). International Organization And Global Governance, Second Edition. International Organization And Global Governance, Second Edition, 1–807. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315301914
Welle, D. (2017, Agustus 22). Presiden Trump Kirim Pasukan Tambahan ke Afghanistan. https://www.dw.com/id/presiden-trump-kirim-pasukan-tambahan-ke-afghanistan/a-40187432
Zoldi, S. M. (2022, Juni). Analisis Penarikan Pasukan Amerika Serikat dari Afghanistan pada Tahun 2021.