Article Sidebar
Downloads
Main Article Content
Abstract
The widespread spread of Covid-19 globally has hampered many socio-economic activities and caused many negative impacts on the environment and water resources. Industrial activity came to a halt and this brought the global economy to a halt while water demand and consumption skyrocketed as the UN urged people to wash their hands to fight the COVID19 pandemic. Namibia is no exception in terms of the negative impact of COVID19 on the environment and water resources as it is considered one of the driest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. This research method uses a persuasive-based qualitative description approach. To facilitate understanding and reading, the research results are described first. The results in the field are that In Namibia, more than 20% of the population, especially those living in rural areas, do not have access to good quality water and do not have a safe sanitation system. The continuation and extension of the nationwide lockdown deepens the recession and indirectly impacts the environment and water bodies.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Victor Uzoma Nwagbara, Sioni Iikela, Mr, William Azuka Iyama, Dr
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
References
- Andersen, K.G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin,W.I., Holmes, E.C. & Garry, R.F. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Med. 26, 450–452.
- Ashaolu, E. D., Olorunfemi, J.F., PaulIfabiyi, I., Abdollahi, K. & Batelaan, O. (2020). Spatial and temporal recharge estimation of the basement complex in Nigeria, West Africa. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 27 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2019.100658.
- Ashaolu, E.D. (2017). Water resources management: a geographer’s viewpoint. S.L. Tilakasiri (Ed.), Geography in Development: Issues and Perspectives, Stamford Lake, Pannipitiya, Sri Lanka (151-171).
- Cheval, S., Adamescu, C. M., Georgiadis, T., Herrnegger, M., Piticar, A. & Legates, D. R. (2020). Observed and Potential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. MDPI.
- Corlett, R.T., Primack, R.B., Devictor, V., Maas, B., Goswami, V.R., Bates, A.E., Koh, L.P., Regan, T.J., Loyola, R. & Pakeman, R.J. (2020). Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on biodiversity conservation. Biol. Conserv., 246, 108571. ECA, (2020). Economic Effects of COVID-19 on Africa. United Nations, Addis Ababa.
- Dukes, J.S. & Mooney, H.A. (1999). Does global change increase the success of biological invaders? Trends Ecol. Evol.14, 135–139.
- Grace, D., Mutua, F., Ochungo, P., Kruska, R.L., Jones, K., Brierley, L., Lapar, M.L., Said, M.Y., Herrero, M.T. and Phuc, P.M. (2012). Mapping of Poverty and Likely Zoonoses Hotspots. ILRI: Nairobi, Kenya.
- Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A. & Balk, D. (2008). Global Trends in Infectious Diseases. Nature, 451 (7181), 990–93.
- Katz, R. (2009). Use of Revised International Health Regulations during Influenza A (H1N1) Epidemic, 2015. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15 (8), 1165–70.
- Lee, Y. N. (2019). China says its first-quarter GDP grew by 6.4 percent, topping expectations. China Economic.
- Morse, S. S. (1995). “Factors in the Emergence of Infectious Diseases.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 1 (1), 7–15.
- Ngatjiheue, C. (2020). Government rolls out N$8.1b stimulus. The Namibian Newspaper
- Ojo, O. (1988). Recent Trends in Precipitation and the Water Balance of Tropical Cities: the example of Lagos, Nigeria. Hydrological Processes and Water Management in Urban Areas; Proceedings of the Duisberg Symposium, April 1988.
- Porta, M. (2014). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Rappeport, A. & Smialek, J. (2020). I.M.F. Predicts Worst Downturn since the Great Depression. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/us/politics/coronavirus-economy-recession-depression.html.
- SG Report (2020). SG Report” "Shared responsibility, global solidarity: Responding to the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19”.
- Smolinsky, M. S., Hamburg, M. A. & Lederberg, J. (2003). Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- Tredoux, G., & Barbour, E. A. (2004). “Interpretation of hydrochemical data for waste disposal sites around Windhoek”. Volume I: Kupferberg. Report submitted to the City of Windhoek, CBA & CSIR (ENV-S-C 2004-118).
- USDHHS (2005). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2005
- Van der Merwe, B., Tredoux, G., Johansson, P O., & Jacks, G. (2005). Windhoek Aquifer Joint Venture Consultants. Water quality requirements for artificial recharge of the Windhoek Aquifer. City of Windhoek, Tender No INF 260/2003, Final Report.
- Volkamer, R., Jimenez, J.L., San Martini, F., Dzepina, K., Zhang, Q., Salcedo, D., Molina, L.T., Worsnop, D.R. & Molina, M.J., (2006). Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: rapid and higher than expected. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33
- WHO (2005). World Health Organization). International Health Regulations, Geneva.
- WHO (2010). World Health Organization. 2010. “What is a Pandemic?” February 24.http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently asked_questions/pandemic/en/.
- Wolicki, S. B., Nuzzo, J. B., Blazes, D. L., Pitts, D. L. & Iskander J K. (2016). Public Health Surveillance: At the Core of the Global Health Security Agenda. Health Security, 14 (3), 185–88.
- Zhang, Z., Xu, S., Capinha, C., Weterings, R. & Gao, T. (2019). Using species distribution model to predict the impact of climate change on the potential distribution of Japanese whiting Sillago japonica. Ecol. Indic., 104, 333–340.
References
Andersen, K.G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin,W.I., Holmes, E.C. & Garry, R.F. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Med. 26, 450–452.
Ashaolu, E. D., Olorunfemi, J.F., PaulIfabiyi, I., Abdollahi, K. & Batelaan, O. (2020). Spatial and temporal recharge estimation of the basement complex in Nigeria, West Africa. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 27 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2019.100658.
Ashaolu, E.D. (2017). Water resources management: a geographer’s viewpoint. S.L. Tilakasiri (Ed.), Geography in Development: Issues and Perspectives, Stamford Lake, Pannipitiya, Sri Lanka (151-171).
Cheval, S., Adamescu, C. M., Georgiadis, T., Herrnegger, M., Piticar, A. & Legates, D. R. (2020). Observed and Potential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. MDPI.
Corlett, R.T., Primack, R.B., Devictor, V., Maas, B., Goswami, V.R., Bates, A.E., Koh, L.P., Regan, T.J., Loyola, R. & Pakeman, R.J. (2020). Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on biodiversity conservation. Biol. Conserv., 246, 108571. ECA, (2020). Economic Effects of COVID-19 on Africa. United Nations, Addis Ababa.
Dukes, J.S. & Mooney, H.A. (1999). Does global change increase the success of biological invaders? Trends Ecol. Evol.14, 135–139.
Grace, D., Mutua, F., Ochungo, P., Kruska, R.L., Jones, K., Brierley, L., Lapar, M.L., Said, M.Y., Herrero, M.T. and Phuc, P.M. (2012). Mapping of Poverty and Likely Zoonoses Hotspots. ILRI: Nairobi, Kenya.
Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A. & Balk, D. (2008). Global Trends in Infectious Diseases. Nature, 451 (7181), 990–93.
Katz, R. (2009). Use of Revised International Health Regulations during Influenza A (H1N1) Epidemic, 2015. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15 (8), 1165–70.
Lee, Y. N. (2019). China says its first-quarter GDP grew by 6.4 percent, topping expectations. China Economic.
Morse, S. S. (1995). “Factors in the Emergence of Infectious Diseases.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 1 (1), 7–15.
Ngatjiheue, C. (2020). Government rolls out N$8.1b stimulus. The Namibian Newspaper
Ojo, O. (1988). Recent Trends in Precipitation and the Water Balance of Tropical Cities: the example of Lagos, Nigeria. Hydrological Processes and Water Management in Urban Areas; Proceedings of the Duisberg Symposium, April 1988.
Porta, M. (2014). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rappeport, A. & Smialek, J. (2020). I.M.F. Predicts Worst Downturn since the Great Depression. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/us/politics/coronavirus-economy-recession-depression.html.
SG Report (2020). SG Report” "Shared responsibility, global solidarity: Responding to the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19”.
Smolinsky, M. S., Hamburg, M. A. & Lederberg, J. (2003). Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Tredoux, G., & Barbour, E. A. (2004). “Interpretation of hydrochemical data for waste disposal sites around Windhoek”. Volume I: Kupferberg. Report submitted to the City of Windhoek, CBA & CSIR (ENV-S-C 2004-118).
USDHHS (2005). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2005
Van der Merwe, B., Tredoux, G., Johansson, P O., & Jacks, G. (2005). Windhoek Aquifer Joint Venture Consultants. Water quality requirements for artificial recharge of the Windhoek Aquifer. City of Windhoek, Tender No INF 260/2003, Final Report.
Volkamer, R., Jimenez, J.L., San Martini, F., Dzepina, K., Zhang, Q., Salcedo, D., Molina, L.T., Worsnop, D.R. & Molina, M.J., (2006). Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: rapid and higher than expected. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33
WHO (2005). World Health Organization). International Health Regulations, Geneva.
WHO (2010). World Health Organization. 2010. “What is a Pandemic?” February 24.http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently asked_questions/pandemic/en/.
Wolicki, S. B., Nuzzo, J. B., Blazes, D. L., Pitts, D. L. & Iskander J K. (2016). Public Health Surveillance: At the Core of the Global Health Security Agenda. Health Security, 14 (3), 185–88.
Zhang, Z., Xu, S., Capinha, C., Weterings, R. & Gao, T. (2019). Using species distribution model to predict the impact of climate change on the potential distribution of Japanese whiting Sillago japonica. Ecol. Indic., 104, 333–340.